Books that deal with law in a particular area provide a broader picture of certain issues, making them interesting and useful. We selected five relevant books that experienced global popularity and that address the historical and cultural context of different segments of the art industry, with a complex vision of legal frameworks.
These books, however, are extremely useful for private and national galleries and museums, cultural institutions, auctioneers, collectors, art dealers, film artists and producers, musicians, writers, designers, art startups, NFT artists and various entrepreneurs in the art world. The works indicate how to more easily navigate the regulatory maze, with a special emphasis on intellectual property law, copyright, and contracts. The curiosity is that the authors of almost all books are lawyers who write in understandable language, and some of them are also historians, artists and IT experts.
Books to look out for are available in English, which is why we keep the original titles. The selection includes: Possession: The curious history of private collectors from antiquity to the present (Erin L. Thompson), Art and business: Transactions in art & cultural property (Kevin P. Ray), Arts law conversations: A surprisingly readable guide for arts entrepreneurs (Elizabeth T Russell), The art collecting legal handbook (Bruno W. Boesch and Massimo Sterpi), and Art Law: The Guide for Collectors, Investors, Dealers & Artists (Judith Bressler, Ralph E. Lerner).
POSSESSION: THE CURIOUS HISTORY OF PRIVATE COLLECTORS FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT
This wildly popular book by Erin L. Thompson offers an engaging exploration of the world of private art collectors throughout history. Thompson, who is an art crime legal expert and professor, brings her expertise to this intriguing story, exploring the motivations, obsessions and controversies surrounding private art collecting.
Through thorough research and compelling storytelling, Thompson illuminates the evolution and impact of private art collecting from ancient times to the present day. “Possession” provides readers with a fascinating insight into the world of art acquisition and the individuals who have shaped it.
ART AND BUSINESS: TRANSACTIONS IN ART & CULTURAL PROPERTY
Author Kevin Ray’s work provides a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between art and business, focusing on transactions within the art market and cultural property domains. Recognized as an expert in art and business, Ray takes an in-depth look at buying, selling, collecting and investing in art, exploring the legal, financial and ethical aspects involved.
The spectrum of topics addresses the roles of galleries, dealers and auction houses, valuation methods, art collection management and market trends. With its authoritative insights and practical advice, the book serves as an indispensable resource for professionals and enthusiasts navigating the complexities of art markets and cultural property transactions.
ARTS LAW CONVERSATIONS: A SURPRISINGLY READABLE GUIDE FOR ARTS ENTREPRENEURS
The book, by Elizabeth T. Russell, is a useful survey of legal considerations tailored specifically to those working in the art industry. Focusing on entrepreneurs in the arts, Russell provides accessible guidance in understanding the legal issues relevant to their activities. Covering topics such as copyright, contracts, intellectual property and business structures, the book aims to provide artists with basic legal knowledge in an understandable way. Whether you’re a visual artist, performer, writer or creative entrepreneur, this helpful guide will equip you with the tools to protect your work and successfully navigate legal complexities with confidence.
THE ART COLLECTING LEGAL HANDBOOK
Bruno W. Boescha and Massima Sterpi have created an indispensable tool for art collectors, providing thorough advice on the legal nuances of creating and maintaining art collections. The guide covers various legal aspects relevant to collecting, including provenance research, authenticity verification, copyright, import/export regulations, insurance and taxation. With practical insights and case studies, the authors provide valuable information to help collectors avoid potential legal pitfalls and protect their investments. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced collector, this guide will equip you with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions and ensure compliance with legal requirements in the art world.
ART LAW: THE GUIDE FOR COLLECTORS, INVESTORS, DEALERS, AND ARTISTS
Here is an authoritative resource written by experts in the field, providing comprehensive insight into the legal aspects of the art world. Addresses legal considerations relevant to various stakeholders, including collectors, investors, dealers and artists. Judith Bressler and Ralph E. Lerner are prominent art legal experts known for their expertise in intellectual property, art transactions, and entertainment law. The book covers a wide range of topics such as copyright, contracts, provenance, import/export regulations and taxation, offering practical guidance through real-life case studies. Whether you are a seasoned collector or a young artist, this guide equips you with the essential knowledge to successfully navigate legal complexities and make informed decisions in your artistic endeavors.
Pravo i Umetnost – Pet Uticajnih Knjiga Novijeg Datuma
Knjige koje se bave pravom u određenoj oblasti daju širu sliku konkretnih pitanja zbog čega su zanimljive koliko i korisne. Izdvojili smo pet relevatnih knjiga koje su doživele svetsku popularnost baveći se istorijskim i kulturnim kontekstom različitih segmenata umetničke industrije, sa složenim pogledom na zakonse okvire.
Ove knjige, međutim, izuzetno su korisne za privatne i nacionalne galerije i muzeje,institucije kulture, aukcionare, kolekcionare, art dilere, filmske umetnike i producente, muzičare, pisce, dizajnere, umetničke startape, NFT umetnike i različite preduzetnike u svetu umetnosti. Dela ukazuju na to kako se lakše kretati krog regulatorni lavirint, sa posebnim akcentom na pravo intelektualne svojine, autorska prava, i ugovore. Kuriozitet je u tome što su autori gotovo svih knjiga pravnici koji pišu razumljivim jezikom, a neki od njih su i istoričari umetnici i IT eksperti.
Knjige koje preporučujemo nisu dostupne na srpskom jeziku zbog čega zadržavamo originalne naslove, na engleskom. U izbor spadaju: Possession: The curious history of private collectors from antiquity to the present ( Erin L. Thompson), Art and business: Transactions in art & cultural property (Kevin P. Ray), Arts law conversations: A surprisingly readable guide for arts Entrepreneurs (Elizabeth T Russell), The art collecting legal handbook (Bruno W. Boesch i Massimo Sterpi), i Art Law: The Guide for Collectors, Investors, Dealers & Artists (Judith Bressler, Ralph E. Lerner).
POSSESSION: THE CURIOUS HISTORY OF PRIVATE COLLECTORS FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT
Ova izuzetno popularna knjiga autorke Erin L. Thompson, nudi zanimljivo istraživanje sveta privatnih kolekcionara umetnosti kroz istoriju. Thompson, koja je pravni ekspert za umetnički kriminal i profesorka, unosi svoje stručno znanje u ovu intrigantnu priču, istražujući motivacije, opsesije i kontroverze koje prate privatno kolekcionarstvo umetničkih dela.
Kroz temeljno istraživanje i uzbudljivo pripovedanje, Thompson osvetljava evoluciju i uticaj privatnog kolekcionarstva umetničkih dela od antičkih vremena do danas. “Possesion” pruža čitaocima fascinantan uvid u svet sticanja umetničkih dela i pojedinaca koji su ga oblikovali.
ART AND BUSINESS: TRANSACTIONS IN ART & CULTURAL PROPERTY
Delo autora Kevin Ray-a pruža sveobuhvatno istraživanje odnosa između umetnosti i poslovanja, fokusirajući se na transakcije unutar tržišta umetnosti i domena kulturne imovine. Ray, priznat kao stručnjak u oblasti umetnosti i poslovanja, detaljno istražuje kupovinu, prodaju, sakupljanje i ulaganje u umetnost, istražujući pravne, finansijske i etičke aspekte koji su uključeni.
U spektru tema adresiraju se uloge galerija, trgovaca i aukcijskih kuća, metode procene vrednosti, upravljanje kolekcijama umetničkih dela i tržišne trendove. Sa svojim autoritativnim uvidima i praktičnim savetima, knjiga služi kao neophodan resurs za profesionalce i zaljubljenike koji se kreću kroz složenosti tržišta umetnosti i transakcija kulturne imovine.
ARTS LAW CONVERSATIONS: A SURPRISINGLY READABLE GUIDE FOR ARTS ENTREPRENEURS
Knjiga koju potpisuje Elizabet T. Rasel, predstavlja korisno istraživanje pravnih razmatranja prilagođenih posebno osobama koje posluju u industriji umetnosti. Fokusirajući se na preduzetnike u umetnosti, Rasel pruža pristupačno vođstvo u razumevanju pravnih pitanja relevantnih za njihove aktivnosti. Pokrivajući teme poput autorskih prava, ugovora, intelektualne svojine i poslovnih struktura, knjiga ima za cilj da umetnicima pruži osnovno pravno znanje na razumljiv način. Bez obzira da li ste vizuelni umetnik, izvođač, pisac ili kreativni preduzetnik, ovaj korisni vodič opremiće vas alatima za zaštitu vašeg rada i uspešno snalaženje u pravnim složenostima sa sigurnošću.
THE ART COLLECTING LEGAL HANDBOOK
Bruno W. Boescha i Massima Sterpi sačinili su neophodan alat za kolekcionare umetnosti, pružajući temeljne savete o pravnim nijansama stvaranja i održavanja kolekcija umetničkih dela. Vodič obuhvata različite pravne aspekte relevantne za kolekcionarstvo, uključujući istraživanje porekla, verifikaciju autentičnosti, autorska prava, regulacije uvoza/izvoza, osiguranje i oporezivanje. Sa praktičnim uvidima i studijama slučaja, autori pružaju dragocene informacije kako bi pomogli kolekcionarima da izbegnu potencijalne pravne zamke i zaštite svoje investicije. Bez obzira da li ste početnik ili iskusan kolekcionar, ovaj vodič opremiće vas znanjem potrebnim za donošenje informisanih odluka i osiguranje usklađenosti sa pravnim zahtevima u svetu umetnosti.
ART LAW: THE GUIDE FOR COLLECTORS, INVESTORS, DEALERS, AND ARTISTS
Pred vama je autoritativni resurs napisan od strane eksperata u oblasti, pružajući sveobuhvatni uvid u pravne aspekte sveta umetnosti. Obrađuje pravne razmatranja relevantna za različite učesnike, uključujući kolekcionare, investitore, trgovce i umetnike. Judith Bressler i Ralph E. Lerner su istaknuti pravni stručnjaci u oblasti umetnosti, poznati po svom znanju iz oblasti intelektualne svojine, transakcija u umetnosti, kao i zabavnog prava. Knjiga pokriva širok spektar tema poput autorskih prava, ugovora, porekla, regulativa uvoza/izvoza i oporezivanja, nudeći praktične smernice kroz studije slučaja iz stvarnog života. Bez obzira da li ste iskusni kolekcionar ili mladi umetnik, ovaj vodič oprema vas osnovnim znanjem kako biste se uspešno kretali kroz pravne složenosti i donosili informisane odluke u vašim umetničkim poduhvatima.
Legal 500 Potvrdio Naš Kvalitet: I Ove Godine Kancelarija Vujinović & Partners Prepoznata kao Tržišni LiderLegal500 – jedan od najprestižnijih pravnih direktorijuma na svetu je potvrdio tržišnu dominaciju naše kancelarije u oblasti prava intelektualne svojine i radnog prava.
Posebno smo ponosni na to što smo u Srbiji jedina rangirana kancelarija u navedenim oblastima (i šire) sa 100% ženskim partnerstvom. Nadamo se da će ovo ohrabriti i druge koleginice na putu snažnijeg ulaska na tržište advokature.
Zadržavati rangiranje iz godine u godinu u oblasti intelektualne svojine jeste pokazatelj kontituniteta i kvaliteta, kome je naš tim naročito posvećen.
U poslednjih 12 meseci kancelarija je značajno unapredila svoju praksu i rad u oblasti AV industrije, kreativne industrije i umetnosti. Dodatno, naš rad u oblasti upravljanja pravima na žig je značajno porastao. Kancelarija je učestvovala u nekim od najznačajnijih projekata u Srbiji koji su podrazumevali i strateško definisanja razvoja intelektualne svojine i veštačke inteligencije u našoj zemlji i regionu.
I ove godine potvrđeni profesionalizam nadležne partnerke Nikoline Vujinović koja rukovodi IP timom i advokata Vladislave Savić – eksperta za oblast prava intelektualne svojine, doneo je rezultat koji nas raduje.
Legal 500 nas je kategorizovao i u ‘’Firms to watch’’ sekciji u oblasti radnog prava i time prepoznao kao jednu od lidera na tržištu i u ovoj oblasti. Izuzetna stručnost i posvećenost naše partnerke Aleksandre Božović koja rukovodi timom za radno pravo i migracije, zaslužno je prepoznata i na tome joj čestitamo!
Posebnu zahvalnost dugujemo klijentima i saradnicima koji su u svojim intervjuima potvrdili zadovoljstvo radom našeg tima i time značajno doprineli ovom rezultatu. Hvala vam!
Legal 500 Confirmed Our Quality: Vujinović & Partners Recognized as Market Leader AgainLegal500 – one of the most prestigious legal directories in the world has confirmed the market dominance of our office in the field of intellectual property and labor law.
We are particularly proud to be the only ranked office in Serbia in these areas (and beyond) with 100% female partnership. We hope this will encourage other female colleagues on the path to a stronger presence in the legal market.
Maintaining rankings year after year in the field of intellectual property is an indicator of continuity and quality to which our team is especially dedicated.
Over the past 12 months, the office has significantly improved its practice and work in the field of AV industry, creative industry, and arts. Additionally, our work in trademark rights management has significantly increased. The office has been involved in some of the most significant projects in Serbia, which have also involved strategic development of intellectual property and artificial intelligence in our country and the region.
This year, the confirmed professionalism of our partner Nikolina Vujinović, who leads the IP team, and lawyer Vladislava Savić – an expert in the field of intellectual property law, has brought us joy.
Legal 500 has categorized us in the “Firms to Watch” section in the field of labor law, thus recognizing us as one of the leaders in the market and in this field. The exceptional expertise and dedication of our partner Aleksandra Božović, who leads the team for labor law and migrations, have been rightfully recognized, and we congratulate her on that!
We owe special thanks to our clients and collaborators who, in their interviews, confirmed satisfaction with the work of our team and thus significantly contributed to this result. Thank you!
The EU’s Digital Services Act is Now Being Implemented: From User Security to an Equitable Online EnvironmentThe Digital Services Act (DSA) has been introduced to regulate various internet platforms, encompassing e-commerce marketplaces, social media networks, content-sharing platforms, digital storefronts, and online travel and lodging services.
The DSA aims to curb illicit online activities, combat misinformation, and ensure user security, fundamental rights, and a fair and transparent online environment.
Since the end of August 2023, the DSA has been enforced upon the 19 Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs) and Search Engines (VLOSEs) identified in April 2023, including industry giants such as Alibaba, Amazon, Apple, Google, LinkedIn, Facebook, and others, each boasting over 45 million monthly users on average.
Strengthening online safety, fairness, and openness is made possible in large part by the Digital Services Act (that was officially enforced on February 17, this year). Its provisions not only address targeted advertising and data protection but also touch upon important issues related to intellectual property and trade secrets in the digital age.
One significant aspect of the DSA is its impact on targeted advertising, particularly concerning data protection. It prohibits profiling-based targeted advertising directed at minors and restricts the use of personal data, such as religion or sexual orientation, for targeted advertising purposes. Furthermore, major platforms are required to grant verified researchers access to publicly available data, with the terms for data exchange specified by the European Commission.
The DSA also addresses the protection of intellectual property and trade secrets, clarifying obligations for intermediate service providers and raising questions about trade secret protection. This may entail major web platforms facing requirements to grant access to private data, impacting trade secret protection.
Expanding the responsibilities of online platforms, the Digital Services Act empowers users through various measures:
- Online platforms must implement measures to combat illegal content, goods, and services, including user reporting tools and collaboration with ‘trusted flaggers’.
- Protection of minors is ensured by prohibiting the targeting of ads based on profiling or personal data.
- Transparency in advertising is mandated, requiring platforms to inform users about ad reasons and advertiser identities.
- Ads targeting users based on sensitive data, like political or religious beliefs, are strictly banned.
- Users affected by content moderation decisions receive clear explanations uploaded to the DSA Transparency database.
- Access to a complaint mechanism allows users to challenge content moderation decisions for accountability.
- Platforms must publish annual reports detailing their content moderation procedures.
- Clear terms and conditions, including content recommender system parameters, are provided to users.
- Platforms designate points of contact for authorities and users, facilitating communication and compliance.
The European Commission will enforce the DSA together with national authorities, who will supervise the compliance of the platforms established in their territory.
Počeo sa Primenom Akt o Digitalnim Uslugama Evropske Unije: Od Bezbednosti za Korisnike do Pravednog Onlajn OkruženjaAkt o digitalnim uslugama je uveden radi regulacije internet platformi, obuhvatajući online platforme za trgovinu, društvene mreže, platforme za deljenje sadržaja, digitalne prodavnice, kao i usluge putovanja i smeštaja na mreži.
DSA ima za cilj da suzbije nezakonite online aktivnosti, borbi protiv dezinformacija, i osigura korisničku sigurnost, osnovna prava, kao i fer i transparentno online okruženje.
Od kraja avgusta 2023. godine, DSA se primenjuje na 19 velikih online platformi (VLOPs) i pretraživača (VLOSEs) prepoznatih u aprilu 2023. godine, uključujući industrijske gigante poput Alibabe, Amazona, Apple-a, Google-a, Linkedina, Facebook-a i drugih, svaka sa više od 45 miliona mesečnih korisnika u proseku.
Jačanje online sigurnosti, pravičnosti i otvorenosti je delom omogućeno Aktom o digitalnim uslugama. Njegove odredbe (koje su zvanično na snazi od 17. februara 2024. godine) ne samo da se bave ciljanim oglašavanjem i zaštitom podataka, već takođe dotiču važna pitanja vezana za intelektualnu svojinu i poslovne tajne u digitalnom dobu.
Jedan značajan aspekt Akta o digtalnim uslugama je njen uticaj na ciljano oglašavanje, posebno u vezi sa zaštitom podataka. On zabranjuje ciljano oglašavanje zasnovano na profilisanju usmereno na maloletnike i ograničava upotrebu ličnih podataka, poput verske pripadnosti ili seksualne orijentacije, u svrhu ciljanog oglašavanja. Osim toga, glavne platforme su obavezne da omoguće proverenim istraživačima pristup javno dostupnim podacima, sa uslovima za razmenu podataka koji su definisani od strane Evropske komisije.
DSA takođe adresira zaštitu intelektualne svojine i poslovne tajne, pojašnjavajući obaveze posredničkih pružalaca usluga i postavljajući pitanja u vezi sa zaštitom poslovne tajne. To može uključivati zahteve da se velikim web platformama omogući pristup privatnim podacima, što utiče na zaštitu poslovne tajne.
Proširujući odgovornosti online platformi, Akt o digitalnim uslugama ovlašćuje korisnike kroz različite mere:
- Online platforme moraju primeniti mere za borbu protiv ilegalnog sadržaja, roba i usluga, uključujući alate za prijavljivanje korisnika i saradnju sa ‘poverenim obeleživačima’.
- Zaštita maloletnika je obezbeđena zabranom ciljanja oglasa na osnovu profilisanja ili ličnih podataka.
- Transparentnost u oglašavanju je obavezna, zahtevajući od platformi da obaveste korisnike o razlozima oglasa i identitetima oglašivača.
- Strogo su zabranjeni oglasi koji ciljaju korisnike na osnovu osetljivih podataka, poput političkih ili verskih uverenja.
- Korisnici koji su pogođeni odlukama o moderaciji sadržaja dobijaju jasna objašnjenja postavljena na Transparentnoj bazi podataka DSA .
- Pristup mehanizmu za podnošenje pritužbi omogućava korisnicima da preispitaju odluke o moderaciji sadržaja radi odgovornosti.
- Platforme moraju objavljivati godišnje izveštaje, koji sadrže detalje postupaka moderacije sadržaja.
- Korisnicima se pružaju jasni uslovi i odredbe, uključujući parametre sistema preporuke sadržaja.
- Platforme određuju kontakte za organe vlasti i korisnike, olakšavajući komunikaciju i usaglašenost.
Evropska komisija će sprovoditi Akt o digitalnim uslugama zajedno sa nacionalnim, nadležnim institucijama, koje nadgledaju usklađenost platformi uspostavljenih na njihovoj teritoriji.
EU: Osnivanje Kancelarije i Donošenje Zakona o Veštačkoj InteligencijiNedavno osnovana kancelarija za veštačku inteligenciju biće fokusirana na primenu pouzdane veštačke inteligencije (AI), njenim daljim stvaranjem i podsticanjem. Na taj način služiće kao baza znanja za opšte namene AI, što će biti ključno za primenu upravo usvojenog Zakona o veštačkoj inteligenciji.
Evropski parlament je danas usvojio Zakon o veštačkoj inteligenciji (AI Act), na osnovu uredbe dogovorenu u pregovorima sa državama članicama u decembru 2023. godine, u Strazburu. To je prvi sveobuhvatni pravni okvir o veštačkoj inteligenciji na globalnom nivou, čiji je cilj regulisanje sistema veštačke inteligencije prema pristupu zasnovanom na riziku.
Nakon usvajanja Zakona u maju, kancelarija će omogućiti njegovu punu primenu
Kancelarija za veštačku inteligenciju, u okviru Evropske komisije, posvećena je podsticanju razvoja i usvajanju verodostojne veštačke inteligencije uz smanjivanje povezanih rizika. Osnovana kao jezgro AI ekspertize, trebalo bi da postavi temelje za jedinstveni evropski ekosistem upravljanja veštačkom inteligencijom, kroz implementaciju revolucionarnog Zakona o veštačkoj inteligenciji, pionirskog pravnog okvira bitnog, pored ostalog, i za bezbednosne okvire svih 27 država članica EU.
Kroz ovlašćenja koja će imati nad Zakonom o veštačkoj inteligenciji, Kancelarija za AI trebalo bi i da podržava upravljačka tela u državama članicama i bude biti nadzorni organ koji će se u velikoj meri baviti i istraživanjem o prekršenim pravilima.
Sarađujući sa državama članicama i različitim stručnim zajednicama, uključujući naučni, industrijski i sektor civilnog društva, Kancelarija bi trebalo da integriše sveobuhvatne uvide u mogućnosti veštačke inteligencije, primenu i trendove koji se pojavljuju širom Evrope.
Pored ostalog, u januaru 2024. Komisija je pokrenula ‘inovacijski paket’ za veštačku inteligenciju kako bi pomogla startapima i malim i srednjim preduzećima u razvoju da se usaglase sa pouzdanom AI. Ovaj paket uključuje inicijativu „GenAI4EU“ i kancelariju za AI, sa ciljem podsticanja novih aplikacija u 14 industrijskih sektora i javnom domenu, kao što su robotika, zdravstvo, proizvodnja i mnogi drugi.
Na međunarodnom nivou, kancelarija će nastojati da pospeši i razvoj međunarodnih sporazuma, blisko sarađujući sa institucijama i stručnjacima kako bi se osigurala efikasna implementacija Zakona.
Jedan od najzanimljivijih zakona u Evropi u poslednje vreme će verovatno stupiti na snagu ovog maja, nakon konačnog usvajanja.
Za sva pitanja u vezi sa Zakonom o veštačkoj inteligenciji i pravnim pitanjima koja se odnose na lokalni nivo proizvoda i uticaja veštačke inteligencije, možete nas kontaktirati na office@vujinovicpartners.rs.
EU: Establishment of the AI Office and Adoption of the AI ActThe recently established AI Office will focus on deploying reliable artificial intelligence (AI), further creating and fostering it. In this way, it will serve as a knowledge base for general AI purposes, which will be crucial for the implementation of the just-adopted AI Act.
The European Parliament adopted today the AI Act, based on the regulation agreed in negotiations with the member states in December 2023, in Strasbourg. It is the first comprehensive legal framework on artificial intelligence at the global level, which aims to regulate artificial intelligence systems according to a risk-based approach.
After the adoption of the AI Act in May, the office will enable its full implementation
The AI Office, within the European Commission, is dedicated to encouraging the development and adoption of credible artificial intelligence while reducing the associated risks. Established as a core of AI expertise, it should lay the foundations for a unique European artificial intelligence management ecosystem, through the implementation of the revolutionary AI Act, a pioneering legal framework essential, among other things, for the security frameworks of all 27 EU member states.
Through the powers it will have over the AI Act, the AI Office should also support the governing bodies in the member states, and in that sense it will be a supervisory authority and will also be largely involved in research on broken rules.
Collaborating with member states and various expert communities, including the scientific, industrial and civil society sectors, the office should integrate comprehensive insights into AI capabilities, applications and emerging trends across Europe.
Along with that, in January 2024 the Commission launched an ‘innovation package’ for artificial intelligence to help start-ups and developing SMEs adapt to reliable AI. This package includes the “GenAI4EU” initiative and the AI Office, with the aim of fostering new applications in 14 industrial sectors and the public domain, such as robotics, healthcare, manufacturing and many others.
At the international level, the office will strive to promote the development of international agreements, working closely with institutions and experts to ensure the effective implementation of the AI Act.
It is most likely that one of the most interesting regulations in Europe lately, will enter into force this May, after its final adoption.
For all questions related to the AI Act, and artificial intelligence legal matters that reflect on the domestic level, you can contact us at office@vujinovicpartners.rs.
Non-Compete ClauseEmployees are the foundation of every company and they directly influence the development of the company and the achievement of goals. Through work, employees acquire certain knowledge that is afterwards highly wanted on the competitive market or a wide circle of acquaintances that can contribute to the further development of the company, and by their transfer to competing companies, the previous employer risks less favorable results on the market, the discovery of previously hidden innovative approaches, knowledge, methods work etc.
The institute of “prohibition of competition” in labor law arose out of the need to protect the company’s values, on which rests the essence of business, and which employees necessarily encounter during work.
The scope of application of the prohibition of competition clause
The Labor Law has certain limitations when contracting a prohibition of competition clause.
Legal conditions for contracting the clause
The ban on an employee to perform certain tasks on his own behalf and for his own account, as well as on behalf of and for the account of another entity, without the consent of the employer, is reserved exclusively for jobs where the employee can acquire new, particularly important technological know-how, a wide circle of business partners or to comes to know significant business information and secrets. In the event that the stated conditions are not met, the employer does not have a legal mechanism to limit the employee’s work in terms of the prohibition of competition.
Exclusively contractual institute
The prohibition of competition clause is stipulated in the employment contract with each employee individually and cannot be reserved only for the general act of the employer, that is, it cannot be unilaterally determined by the employer.
Territorially, temporally and personally limited institute
The application of the prohibition of competition clause can be tied to a certain territory, as it can be freely limited to the “prohibition” of work only for certain categories of companies and persons. When it comes to the time limit, the Law leaves the possibility that this clause is valid for the duration of the employment contract, as well as a maximum of two years after the termination of the employee’s work.
Compensation amount
Our Law does not regulate the minimum or maximum amount of compensation, leaving the employer and the employee to jointly agree on it when concluding the employment contract. The question can be raised whether, in this sense, there is equality of the contracting parties, and it would be useful for future regulations to also regulate this sensitive issue.
Certainly, when agreeing on the amount of compensation, general principles must be taken into account, and this compensation should justify its purpose, and not just fill in the form.
What if the employer does not pay the agreed compensation?
As one of the frequent questions in this area is the question of what happens if the employer contracts a prohibiton of competition clause that is valid for two years after the end of the employment relationship, and does not pay the employee compensation or prescribes that it is included in the basic salary for the duration of the employment relationship?
The position of our judicial practice in this situation is unequivocal – in the case of non-payment of the agreed compensation or in the event that it is omitted in the employment contract, the employer will not have the right to demand compensation of damages from the employee in the event that the employee after the termination of the employment relationship establishes a new one on competitive jobs.
In the case of a partial payment, it is assessed in each specific situation whether the purpose of the paid amount has been achieved or not, where the institute and its interpretation is certainly more favorable to the employee, i.e. to a former employee.
Can the employer waive the clause?
In practice, the question arose as to what happens to the prohibition of competition clause in the event that it is contracted for a period of two years after the termination of the employment relationship, and the employer has no interest in it after the termination of the employment relationship or simply wants to waive the clause? Can the employer waive it on his own initiative?
Although the Labor Law does not regulate this issue, by applying the general principles of contract law, the position can be taken that the employer cannot on his own initiative change the provision, which is prescribed by the employment contract as a consent of the will of the two contracting parties, but that it can be changed by an annex to the contract on work while the employment relationship lasts or by a certain type of agreement after the termination of the employment relationship.
In order to overcome the above-mentioned problem, in practice it is resorted to a more skillful formulation of the provisions that regulate this institute in the employment contract itself, which would give the employer a greater opportunity to decide later whether he wants to use this opportunity or not.
Vujinović & Partners has a developed practice in the field of labor law and advises domestic and foreign clients in all aspects of labor and immigration law. For all questions related to labor law, you can contact us at employment@vujinovicpartners.rs.
Klauzula Zabrane KonkurencijeTemelj svake kompanije čine njeni zaposleni, koji direktno utiču na razvoj kompanije i postizanje ciljeva. Kroz rad zaposleni stiču određena znanja koja su potom veoma tražena na tržištu konkurencije ili širok krug poznanstava koja mogu doprineti daljem razvoju kompanije, te njihovim prelaskom u konkurentske kompanije, prethodni poslodavac rizikuje nepovoljnije rezultate na tržištu, otkrivanje do tada skrivenih inovativnih pristupa, saznanja, načina rada i slično.
Institut „zabrane konkurencije“ u radnom pravu nastao je kao potreba da se zaštite vrednosti kompanije na kojima počiva suština biznisa, a sa kojima se zaposleni nužno susreću tokom rada.
Domašaj primene klauzule zabrane konkurencije
Zakon o radu poznaje određena ograničenja prilikom ugovaranja klauzule zabrane konkurencije.
Zakonski uslovi za ugovaranje klauzule
Zabrana zaposlenom da određene poslove obavlja u svoje ime i za svoj račun, kao i u ime i za račun drugog lica, bez saglasnosti poslodavca rezervisana je isključivo za poslove na kojima zaposleni može da stekne nova, posebno važna tehnološka znanja, širok krug poslovnih partnera ili da dođe do saznanja važnih poslovnih informacija i tajni. U slučaju da nisu ispunjeni navedeni uslovi, poslodavac nema pravni mehanizam kojim bi ograničio zaposlenog u radu u smislu zabrane konkurencije.
Isključivo ugovorni institut
Klauzula zabrane konkurencije ugovara se ugovorom o radu sa svakim zaposlenim pojedinačno i ne može biti rezervisana samo za opšti akt poslodavca, odnosno ne može biti jednostrano određena od strane poslodavca.
Teritorijalno, vremenski i personalno ograničen institut
Primena pravila o „zabrani konkurencije“ se može vezati za određenu teritoriju, kao što se može slobodno ograničiti i na „zabranu“ rada samo za određene kategorije kompanija i lica. Kada je u pitanju vremensko ograničenje, Zakon ostavlja mogućnost da ova klauzula važi za vreme trajanja ugovora o radu, kao i maksimum dve godine nakon prestanka rada zaposlenog.
Visina naknade
Naš zakon ne reguliše minimalni ili maksimalni iznos naknade, ostavljajući poslodavcu i zaposlenom da zajednički dogovore istu prilikom zaključivanja ugovora o radu. Može se postaviti pitanje da li, u tom smislu, postoji jednakost ugovornih strana, te bi bilo korisno da budući propisi regulišu i ovo senzitivno pitanje.
Svakako, prilikom ugovaranja visine naknade, mora se voditi računa o opštim načelima, te ova naknada treba da opravda svoju svrhu, te da ne ostane puko ispunjavanje forme.
Šta ako poslodavac ne isplaćuje ugovorenu naknadu?
Kao jedno od čestih pitanja u ovoj oblasti jeste pitanje šta se dešava ukoliko poslodavac ugovori klauzulu zabrane konkurencije koja važi dve godine nakon okončanja radnog odnosa, a ne isplati zaposlenom novčanu naknadu ili propiše da je ista obuhvaćena osnovnom zaradom za vreme trajanja radnog odnosa?
Stav naše sudske prakse je u ovoj situaciji nedvosmislen – u slučaju neplaćanja ugovorene naknade ili u slučaju da je ista izostavljena u ugovoru o radu, poslodavac neće imati pravo da od zaposlenog zahteva naknadu štete u slučaju da zaposleni nakon okončanja radnog odnosa zasnuje novi u drugoj kompaniji na konkurentskim poslovima.
U slučaju pak delimične isplate, procenjuje se u svakoj konkretnoj situaciji da li je isplaćenom sumom ostvarena svrha ili ne, gde je institut i njegovo tumačenje svakako naklonjenije zaposlenom tj. bivšem zaposlenom.
Može li poslodavac da odustane od klauzule?
U praksi se nametnulo i pitanje šta se dešava sa klauzulom zabrane konkurencije u slučaju da je ista ugovorena za period od dve godine nakon prestanka radnog odnosa, a poslodavac nakon okončanja radnog odnosa nema interes za istom ili prosto želi da odustane od klauzule? Da li poslodavac može samoinicijativno da odustane od iste?
Iako Zakon o radu ne reguliše ovo pitanje, primenom opštih načela ugovornog prava može se zauzeti stav da poslodavac ne može samoinicijativno da promeni odredbu, koja je propisana ugovorom o radu, kao saglasnošću volja dve ugovorne strane, već da se ista može promeniti aneksom ugovora o radu za vreme dok radni odnos traje ili određenom vrstom sporazuma nakon prestanka radnog odnosa.
Radi prevazilaženja navedene problematike, u praksi se pribegava veštijem formulisanju odredbi koje regulišu ovaj institut u samom ugovoru o radu, a koje bi dale veću mogućnost poslodavcu da kasnije odluči da li želi da koristi ovu mogućnost ili ne.
Vujinović & Partners ima razvijenu praksu u oblasti radnog prava i savetuje domaće i inostrane klijente u svim aspektima radnog i imigracionog prava. Za sva pitanja u vezi sa radnim pravom možete nas kontaktirati na imejl employment@vujinovicpartners.rs.